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profits from auto-theft rings to fund the militant group Hezbollah.150
146
Stewart Bell , Liberals Ban Hamas, Five Others: But not Hezbollah, National Post [Toronto], November 28,
2002, A5. (Lexis Nexis Document).
147
Lorraine Passchier , Canada Shifts into Overdrive, CTVNEWS [Canada], October 15, 2002.
148
Andrew Duffy, CSIS spies to Testify at U.S. Trial: In North American First, Agents Will Give Evidence Against
Alleged Terrorist, The Ottawa Citizen, February 7, 2002, A5.
149
Stewart Bell, Liberals Relent, Hezbollah Outlawed: Graham Says It s Due to Recent Evidence, National Post
[Toronto], December 12, 2002, A1. (Lexis Nexis Document)
150
Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption.
34
Library of Congress Federal Research Division Asian Criminal and Terrorist Activity in Canada
A February 2003 National Post article details the activities of Mohamad Hammoud, the
leader of a Hezbollah terrorist cell in Canada who was convicted in the United States. Hammoud
also ran an intricate cigarette smuggling and credit card fraud ring in North Carolina that
financed Hezbollah. U.S. officials believe that Imad Mugniyah, a senior Hezbollah leader with a
US$25m reward on his head in the United States, is working with Hammoud s Canadian cell.151
The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)
The National Post quotes the CSIS as saying that the PKK had sent agents to Montreal
throughout the 1990s to gain control over the Kurdish community there. The article also notes
that the arrest of PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan in Kenya in 2000 sparked riots in Ottawa,
indicating a strong support in the community for PKK activities.152 With current uncertainty in
Iraq regarding the Kurdish population, it is possible that the PKK could turn its sights on the
United States if the party were not content with the political options available for that population
in the coming months.
COOPERATION BETWEEN TERRORISTS AND ORGANIZED CRIME
Introduction
The international political and economic changes that drug-trafficking and organized
crime groups exploit to facilitate their activities also enhance the ability of terrorist groups to
operate worldwide. International terrorist groups are particularly adept at exploiting the
advantages of more open borders and the globalization of international commerce to move
people, money, and material across national borders. Like trafficking and other criminal
organizations, terrorist groups are becoming more sophisticated in using computer technology to
enhance their communications and logistics networks.
Although terrorist groups and criminal organizations have similar requirements for
moving people, money, and material across international borders, traditionally there was minimal
cooperation between them. Terrorist groups maintain their own clandestine networks and
typically control all aspects of their operations to minimize the risk of infiltration and exposure.
151
Stewart Bell, Terrorist Plotted to Kill Prosecutor, U.S. Court Told Had Agents in Vancouver, National Post
[Toronto], February 28, 2003.
152
Bell.
35
Library of Congress Federal Research Division Asian Criminal and Terrorist Activity in Canada
However, the potential exists for greater interaction as transnational terrorist groups and criminal
organizations pursue similar strategies along parallel lines, despite their disparate goals.
Drug Trafficking
Both organized crime and terrorist groups have used narcotics in order to generate
revenues to support their activities. According to a confidential November 2001 RCMP report
entitled Narco-terrorism and Canada, money generated from hashish trafficked into Canada has
been used to finance terrorists. Approximately 100 tons of Southwest Asian hashish is brought
into Canada every year, valued at roughly CDN$20m. The report deduces that a portion of this
amount annually finances terrorist groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan because terrorists gain a
portion of narcotics profits by taxing the producers.153
Although the report additionally states that Canadian law enforcement has not recently
documented any large-scale importation of Southwest Asian heroin that originated in
Afghanistan, there are concerns that this belies the actual situation. The UN Drug Control
Program found that Afghanistan produced 3,300 tons of poppies used to make Opium in 2000.
Estimates for 2001 are for only 185 tons because of the Taliban s ban on growing poppies; it is
believed, however, that much of the crop has been stockpiled and that farmers are now
reinitiating their efforts.154 An article in the March/April 2003 Turkistan Newsletter supports the
theory that Afghani farmers are expanding their cultivation of the poppy as well as setting up
factories to produce heroin. Southwest Asian heroin from Pakistan and Afghanistan is mainly
transported to Canada through Montreal and Toronto. 155
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profits from auto-theft rings to fund the militant group Hezbollah.150
146
Stewart Bell , Liberals Ban Hamas, Five Others: But not Hezbollah, National Post [Toronto], November 28,
2002, A5. (Lexis Nexis Document).
147
Lorraine Passchier , Canada Shifts into Overdrive, CTVNEWS [Canada], October 15, 2002.
148
Andrew Duffy, CSIS spies to Testify at U.S. Trial: In North American First, Agents Will Give Evidence Against
Alleged Terrorist, The Ottawa Citizen, February 7, 2002, A5.
149
Stewart Bell, Liberals Relent, Hezbollah Outlawed: Graham Says It s Due to Recent Evidence, National Post
[Toronto], December 12, 2002, A1. (Lexis Nexis Document)
150
Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption.
34
Library of Congress Federal Research Division Asian Criminal and Terrorist Activity in Canada
A February 2003 National Post article details the activities of Mohamad Hammoud, the
leader of a Hezbollah terrorist cell in Canada who was convicted in the United States. Hammoud
also ran an intricate cigarette smuggling and credit card fraud ring in North Carolina that
financed Hezbollah. U.S. officials believe that Imad Mugniyah, a senior Hezbollah leader with a
US$25m reward on his head in the United States, is working with Hammoud s Canadian cell.151
The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)
The National Post quotes the CSIS as saying that the PKK had sent agents to Montreal
throughout the 1990s to gain control over the Kurdish community there. The article also notes
that the arrest of PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan in Kenya in 2000 sparked riots in Ottawa,
indicating a strong support in the community for PKK activities.152 With current uncertainty in
Iraq regarding the Kurdish population, it is possible that the PKK could turn its sights on the
United States if the party were not content with the political options available for that population
in the coming months.
COOPERATION BETWEEN TERRORISTS AND ORGANIZED CRIME
Introduction
The international political and economic changes that drug-trafficking and organized
crime groups exploit to facilitate their activities also enhance the ability of terrorist groups to
operate worldwide. International terrorist groups are particularly adept at exploiting the
advantages of more open borders and the globalization of international commerce to move
people, money, and material across national borders. Like trafficking and other criminal
organizations, terrorist groups are becoming more sophisticated in using computer technology to
enhance their communications and logistics networks.
Although terrorist groups and criminal organizations have similar requirements for
moving people, money, and material across international borders, traditionally there was minimal
cooperation between them. Terrorist groups maintain their own clandestine networks and
typically control all aspects of their operations to minimize the risk of infiltration and exposure.
151
Stewart Bell, Terrorist Plotted to Kill Prosecutor, U.S. Court Told Had Agents in Vancouver, National Post
[Toronto], February 28, 2003.
152
Bell.
35
Library of Congress Federal Research Division Asian Criminal and Terrorist Activity in Canada
However, the potential exists for greater interaction as transnational terrorist groups and criminal
organizations pursue similar strategies along parallel lines, despite their disparate goals.
Drug Trafficking
Both organized crime and terrorist groups have used narcotics in order to generate
revenues to support their activities. According to a confidential November 2001 RCMP report
entitled Narco-terrorism and Canada, money generated from hashish trafficked into Canada has
been used to finance terrorists. Approximately 100 tons of Southwest Asian hashish is brought
into Canada every year, valued at roughly CDN$20m. The report deduces that a portion of this
amount annually finances terrorist groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan because terrorists gain a
portion of narcotics profits by taxing the producers.153
Although the report additionally states that Canadian law enforcement has not recently
documented any large-scale importation of Southwest Asian heroin that originated in
Afghanistan, there are concerns that this belies the actual situation. The UN Drug Control
Program found that Afghanistan produced 3,300 tons of poppies used to make Opium in 2000.
Estimates for 2001 are for only 185 tons because of the Taliban s ban on growing poppies; it is
believed, however, that much of the crop has been stockpiled and that farmers are now
reinitiating their efforts.154 An article in the March/April 2003 Turkistan Newsletter supports the
theory that Afghani farmers are expanding their cultivation of the poppy as well as setting up
factories to produce heroin. Southwest Asian heroin from Pakistan and Afghanistan is mainly
transported to Canada through Montreal and Toronto. 155
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